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1 U-Bahn
f underground; in London: auch the tube; Am. subway; in Washington etc.: metro; (Zug) underground train; in London: auch tube train; Am. subway train; mit der U-Bahn fahren go by ( oder take) the underground etc.* * *die U-Bahnsubway; underground railway; underground* * *['uː-]funderground, subway (US); (in London) tube* * *die1) (an underground railway in a city: Go by subway.) subway2) ((American subway) an underground railway: She hates travelling by/on the underground.) underground* * *[u:-]f TRANSPmit der \U-Bahn fahren to go [or travel] on the [or by] underground [or tube* * *die underground (Brit.); subway (Amer.); (bes. in London) tube•• Cultural note:Most large cities have a U-Bahn ( Untergrundbahn) (underground railway network) that connects with an S-Bahn ( Schnellbahn or Stadtbahn) (city and suburban railway). The same ticket can normally be used for both services* * *U-Bahn f underground; in London: auch the tube; US subway; in Washington etc: metro; (Zug) underground train; in London: auch tube train; US subway train;* * *die underground (Brit.); subway (Amer.); (bes. in London) tube•• Cultural note:Most large cities have a U-Bahn ( Untergrundbahn) (underground railway network) that connects with an S-Bahn ( Schnellbahn or Stadtbahn) (city and suburban railway). The same ticket can normally be used for both services* * *-en f.metro n.subway (US) n.underground railway n. -
2 muy unido
adj.close-knit, tight-knit.* * *(adj.) = close-knit, tight-knit, closely knit, well-connected, tightly knitEx. In Britain, this meant the dislocation and scattering of what were close-knit communities either to sprawling suburban council estates, often grossly lacking in amenities, or to blocks of high-rise flats.Ex. A well-organised rural parish council can provide a far more tight-knit forum for debate and 'getting things done' than urban residents' associations.Ex. A sample of statistics measuring circulation, reference and in-library use was collected from 76 libraries and tested for redundancy, correlation and variation in a closely knit pattern.Ex. The article is entitled 'Still special: but now a well-connected community'.Ex. He recorded with great vividness the literary life of London at that time, describing the wit, anxieties and insights of a tightly knit and highly gifted group of writers.* * *(adj.) = close-knit, tight-knit, closely knit, well-connected, tightly knitEx: In Britain, this meant the dislocation and scattering of what were close-knit communities either to sprawling suburban council estates, often grossly lacking in amenities, or to blocks of high-rise flats.
Ex: A well-organised rural parish council can provide a far more tight-knit forum for debate and 'getting things done' than urban residents' associations.Ex: A sample of statistics measuring circulation, reference and in-library use was collected from 76 libraries and tested for redundancy, correlation and variation in a closely knit pattern.Ex: The article is entitled 'Still special: but now a well-connected community'.Ex: He recorded with great vividness the literary life of London at that time, describing the wit, anxieties and insights of a tightly knit and highly gifted group of writers. -
3 Aspinall, Sir John Audley Frederick
[br]b. 25 August 1851 Liverpool, Englandd. 19 January 1937 Woking, England[br]English mechanical engineer, pioneer of the automatic vacuum brake for railway trains and of railway electrification.[br]Aspinall's father was a QC, Recorder of Liverpool, and Aspinall himself became a pupil at Crewe Works of the London \& North Western Railway, eventually under F.W. Webb. In 1875 he was appointed Manager of the works at Inchicore, Great Southern \& Western Railway, Ireland. While he was there, some of the trains were equipped, on trial, with continuous brakes of the non-automatic vacuum type. Aspinall modified these to make them automatic, i.e. if the train divided, brakes throughout both parts would be applied automatically. Aspinall vacuum brakes were subsequently adopted by the important Great Northern, Lancashire \& Yorkshire, and London \& North Western Railways.In 1883, aged only 32, Aspinall was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Southern \& Western Railway, but in 1886 he moved in the same capacity to the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, where his first task was to fit out the new works at Horwich. The first locomotive was completed there in 1889, to his design. In 1899 he introduced a 4–4–2, the largest express locomotive in Britain at the time, some of which were fitted with smokebox superheaters to Aspinall's design.Unusually for an engineer, in 1892 Aspinall was appointed General Manager of the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway. He electrified the Liverpool-Southport line in 1904 at 600 volts DC with a third rail; this was an early example of main-line electrification, for it extended beyond the Liverpool suburban area. He also experimented with 3,500 volt DC overhead electrification of the Bury-Holcombe Brook branch in 1913, but converted this to 1,200 volts DC third rail to conform with the Manchester-Bury line when this was electrified in 1915. In 1918 he was made a director of the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1909. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1918.Further ReadingH.A.V.Bulleid, 1967, The Aspinall Era, Shepperton: Ian Allan (provides a good account of Aspinall and his life's work).C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 19 (a good brief account).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Aspinall, Sir John Audley Frederick
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4 ligne
ligne [liɲ]━━━━━━━━━2. compounds━━━━━━━━━1. <a. line ; ( = rangée) rowb. ( = contours) [de meuble, voiture] lines• lignes intérieures/internationales (aériennes) domestic/international flights• nous espérons vous revoir prochainement sur nos lignes we hope that you will fly with us again soond. (locutions)• « à la ligne » "new paragraph"• mettre en ligne ( = diffuser sur Internet) to put online• vous êtes en ligne ( = au téléphone) you're through now• il est en ligne ( = occupé) his line is busy ; ( = il veut vous parler) I have him on the line for you• descendre en ligne directe de... to be a direct descendant of...2. <► ligne continue [de route] solid line• être dans la ligne de mire de qn (figurative) to be in sb's sights ► ligne de partage des eaux watershed* * *liɲ1) ( trait) lineligne blanche/continue/discontinue — Automobile white/solid/broken line
ligne de départ/d'arrivée — Sport starting/finishing line
ligne droite — gén straight line; ( de route) straight piece of road
2) ( d'écriture) lineje vous écris ces quelques lignes pour vous dire... — this is just a quick note to tell you...
à la ligne! — ( dans une dictée) new paragraph!
la ligne Paris-Rome — Aviation the Paris to Rome route; Chemin de Fer the Paris to Rome line
lignes intérieures — Aviation domestic flights
4) Électrotechnique ( câble) cable5) Télécommunications lineavoir or obtenir la ligne — to get through
6) ( silhouette) figureavoir/garder la ligne — to be/to stay slim
7) ( contour) ( de corps) contours (pl); ( de visage) shape; ( de collines) outlinela ligne aérodynamique d'une voiture — the aerodynamic lines (pl) of a car
8) ( allure générale) (de mobilier, style, vêtement) look10) (idée, point) outline11) ( orientation) ( de parti politique) line12) ( à la pêche) fishing line13) ( alignement) line; ( rangée) rowles lignes ennemies — Armée the enemy lines
14) Informatique15) ( en généalogie) line16) Télévision ( définition) line•Phrasal Verbs:••être en première ligne — lit, Armée to be in the front line; fig to be in the firing line
entrer en ligne de compte — to be taken into account ou consideration
* * *liɲ nf1) (= trait) line2) fig (= orientation)3) [texte] lineDepuis Noël, il y a une nouvelle ligne Londres-Perpignan. — Since Christmas there's been a new service between London and Perpignan.
La nouvelle ligne passe par Verneuil. — The new route goes through Verneuil.
les lignes intérieures AVIATION — domestic flights, domestic routes
See:5) (= silhouette) figureC'est mauvais pour la ligne. — It's bad for your figure.
6) INFORMATIQUEen ligne — on line, online
7) (ligne téléphonique) lineLa ligne est mauvaise. — It's a bad line.
8) [produits, vêtements] line9) (locution)entrer en ligne de compte [facteurs, éléments] — to be taken into account
Le budget entre aussi en ligne de compte. — The budget must also be taken into account.
Ceci n'entre pas en ligne de compte. — That doesn't come into it.
* * *ligne nf1 ( trait) line; ligne blanche/continue/discontinue Aut white/solid/broken line; ligne de départ/d'arrivée Sport starting/finishing line; lignes de la main lines of the hand; ligne de chance line of fortune; ligne de cœur/vie heart/life line; ligne de défense line of defenceGB; ligne de l'horizon the line of the horizon; ligne courbe/brisée curved/broken line; ligne droite gén straight line; ( de route) straight piece of road; Courses Aut straight; en ligne droite il y a environ 200 mètres as the crow flies it's about 200 metresGB; la dernière ligne droite avant l'arrivée the home stretch; papier à lignes lined paper;2 ( d'écriture) line; écrire quelques lignes à qn to drop sb a line; je vous écris ces quelques lignes pour vous dire… this is just a quick note to tell you…; faire faire des lignes à qn ( punition) to give sb lines; être payé à la ligne to be paid by the line; à la ligne! ( dans une dictée) start a new paragraph;3 Transp (de bus, Aviat, Naut) ( service) service; ( parcours) route; (de métro, train) line; la ligne Paris-Rome Aviat the Paris to Rome route; Rail the Paris to Rome line; ligne de chemin de fer railway line; lignes secondaires/de banlieue Rail branch/commuter lines; ligne maritime/aérienne sea/air route; paquebot de ligne liner; lignes intérieures Aviat domestic flights;4 Électrotech ( câble) cable; TV ( définition) line; ligne électrique à haute tension high-tension cable; ligne aérienne/souterraine overhead/underground cable;5 Télécom line; la ligne est mauvaise it's a bad line; il y a quelqu'un d'autre sur la ligne we've got a crossed line; ‘vous avez madame Pomier en ligne’ ‘Mrs Pomier is on the line for you’; ‘restez en ligne’ ‘hold the line please’; la ligne est coupée avec Rome Rome is unobtainable at present; avoir or obtenir la ligne to get through;6 ( silhouette) figure; avoir/garder la ligne to be/stay slim; retrouver la ligne to get back one's figure; c'est mauvais pour la ligne it's bad for the figure;7 ( contour) les lignes (de meuble, voiture) lines; ( de corps) contours; ( de visage) lines; ( de collines) outline (sg); la ligne aérodynamique d'une voiture the aerodynamic lines of a car; la ligne bleue des Vosges the blue line of the Vosges; les lignes d'un paysage the rise and fall of a landscape;8 ( allure générale) (de mobilier, style, vêtement) look; lancer une nouvelle ligne to launch a new look;10 (idée, point) outline; les lignes essentielles de mon programme/projet the broad outline of my programmeGB/project; raconter un événement dans ses grandes lignes to describe an event in broad outline;11 ( orientation) ( de parti politique) line; les partisans de la ligne dure/modérée du parti the party hard-liners/moderates; la ligne politique/idéologique the political/ideological line; être dans la ligne to follow the party line;12 Pêche fishing line; pêche à la ligne angling;13 ( alignement) line; ( rangée) row; une ligne de poteaux/voitures a line of posts/cars; derrière les lignes ennemies Mil behind the enemy lines; la ligne des avants/arrières ( au rugby) the front/back row; ( au football) the forwards/backs; mettez-vous en ligne line up ou get into line; ils sont en ligne pour le départ they are lined up for the start; hors ligne [talent, acteur] outstanding; être en seconde ligne fig to take second place;15 ( en généalogie) line; ligne directe direct line of descent; héritier en ligne directe direct heir;16 ( de cocaïne) line.ligne de but Sport goal line; ligne de champ Phys line of force; ligne de coke○ line of coke○; se faire une ligne de coke to do a line of coke; ligne de conduite line of conduct; ligne de crédit Fin line of credit; ligne de crête Géog crest line; ligne de démarcation boundary; Mil demarcation line; ligne d'eau Naut waterline; ligne équinoxiale Géog equator; ligne de faille Géol faultline; ligne de faîte Géog crest line; ligne de feu line of fire; ligne de flottaison Naut waterline; ligne de flottaison en charge load ou Plimsoll line; ligne de force Phys line of force; ligne de fuite vanishing line; ligne mélodique Mus melodic line; ligne de mire line of sight; ligne de niveau Géol line level; ligne de partage des eaux watershed; ligne de tir line of fire; ligne de touche Sport gén touchline; ( au basket) boundary line; ligne de visée = ligne de mire.être en première ligne lit, Mil to be in the front line; fig to be in the firing line; monter en première ligne lit to go up to the front; fig to move into the attack; entrer en ligne de compte to be taken into account ou consideration; il faut faire entrer en ligne de compte le fait que account should be taken of the fact that; cela ne devrait pas entrer en ligne de compte dans votre prise de décision that shouldn't enter ou come into your decision.[liɲ] nom féminintracer ou tirer une ligne to draw a lineligne de cœur/de tête/de vie heart/head/life line2. [texte] lineil est payé à la ligne he is paid by the ou per line3. [limite] lineligne de départ/d'arrivée starting/finishing lineligne de mire ou de visée line of sighta. [généralement] boundaryligne d'eau [en natation] (swimming) laneligne de faîte watershed, crest line4. [silhouette - d'une personne] figureje surveille ma ligne I look after ou watch my figure[forme - d'un objet] outlinehors ligne unrivalled, matchless6. [orientation] linesa décision est dans la droite ligne de la politique gouvernementale his decision is completely in line with government policyelle a décrit la situation dans ses grandes lignes she gave a broad outline of the situation, she outlined the situation7. [généralementéalogique] lineligne directe/collatérale direct/collateral line8. TRANSPORTS linea. [société] airline (company)b. [service] air service, air linka. [service] bus serviceb. [itinéraire] bus routeil est en ligne, vous patientez? he's on another call just now, will you hold the line?10. TÉLÉVISION [d'une image] line11. PÊCHE fishing lineligne de fond ground ou ledger line12. FINANCEligne de crédit ou de découvert line of credit, credit line14. (locution)entrer en ligne de compte to come ou to be taken into consideration————————en ligne locution adverbiale1. [en rang]mettez-vous en ligne! line up!, get into line!3. MILITAIREmonter en ligne [aller à l'assaut] to advance (for the attack)parlez, vous êtes en ligne go ahead, you're through ou you're connectedelle est en ligne, vous patientez? her line's engaged, will you hold?sur toute la ligne locution adverbiale -
5 Navigo
Carte Navigo - The electronic smart-card system used for travel concessions on the public transport systems of the Ile de France (Paris) region. Navigo cards can be applied for free online. Alternatively, "Navigo découverte" (Navigo discovery) cards can be purchased for 5 € at metro stations and other approved points of sale. A passport-style photo is required. Anyone can apply for a card, there are no local residence requirements. The card can then be credited for weekly, monthly or annual use, providing ticketless transport on all or parts of the Ile de France public transport network (buses, metro, RER, suburban trains). In September 2009, a week's pass for travel in zones 1 and 2 cost 17.20 Euros, a month's pass covering zones 1-4 cost 91.70 €. Navigo will have fully replaced the ParisCarte Orange travel cards by 2010. The system is similar to London's Oyster card system, though cheaper.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Navigo
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6 Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan Snell
[br]b. 19 September 1882 Invercargill, New Zealandd. 25 April 1970 Malta[br]New Zealand (naturalized British) locomotive engineer noted for original experimental work in the 1940s and 1950s.[br]Bulleid's father died in 1889 and mother and son returned to the UK from New Zealand; Bulleid himself became a premium apprentice under H.A. Ivatt at Doncaster Works, Great Northern Railway (GNR). After working in France and for the Board of Trade, Bulleid returned to the GNR in 1912 as Personal Assistant to Chief Mechanical Engineer H.N. Gresley. After a break for war service, he returned as Assistant to Gresley on the latter's appointment as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London \& North Eastern Railway in 1923. He was closely associated with Gresley during the late 1920s and early 1930s.In 1937 Bulleid was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway (SR). Concentration of resources on electrification had left the Southern short of up-to-date steam locomotives, which Bulleid proceeded to provide. His first design, the "Merchant Navy" class 4–6– 2, appeared in 1941 with chain-driven valve gear enclosed in an oil-bath, and other novel features. A powerful "austerity" 0−6−0 appeared in 1942, shorn of all inessentials to meet wartime conditions, and a mixed-traffic 4−6−2 in 1945. All were largely successful.Under Bulleid's supervision, three large, mixed-traffic, electric locomotives were built for the Southern's 660 volt DC system and incorporated flywheel-driven generators to overcome the problem of interruptions in the live rail. Three main-line diesel-electric locomotives were completed after nationalization of the SR in 1948. All were carried on bogies, as was Bulleid's last steam locomotive design for the SR, the "Leader" class 0−6−6−0 originally intended to meet a requirement for a large, passenger tank locomotive. The first was completed after nationalization of the SR, but the project never went beyond trials. Marginally more successful was a double-deck, electric, suburban, multiple-unit train completed in 1949, with alternate high and low compartments to increase train capacity but not length. The main disadvantage was the slow entry and exit by passengers, and the type was not perpetuated, although the prototype train ran in service until 1971.In 1951 Bulleid moved to Coras Iompair Éireann, the Irish national transport undertaking, as Chief Mechanical Engineer. There he initiated a large-scale plan for dieselization of the railway system in 1953, the first such plan in the British Isles. Simultaneously he developed, with limited success, a steam locomotive intended to burn peat briquettes: to burn peat, the only native fuel, had been a long-unfulfilled ambition of railway engineers in Ireland. Bulleid retired in 1958.[br]BibliographyBulleid took out six patents between 1941 and 1956, covering inter alia valve gear, boilers, brake apparatus and wagon underframes.Further ReadingH.A.V.Bulleid, 1977, Bulleid of the Southern, Shepperton: Ian Allan (a good biography written by the subject's son).C.Fryer, 1990, Experiments with Steam, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens (provides details of the austerity 0–6–0, the "Leader" locomotive and the peat-burning locomotive: see Chs 19, 20 and 21 respectively).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan Snell
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